RIFFSTYLMAC "Galliard WIN LGalliardTEXTbCREDITS National Audubon Society Interactive CD-ROM Guide to North American Birds Copyright 1996 Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Bird vocalizations: Copyright 1994 Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Video footage 1996 Global Village Stock Footage, Sea Studios, The Zoological Society of San Diego. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. Visit the Random House web site for information on this program and on National Audubon Society guide books, technical support by e-mail, and links to birding groups and activities on the Internet: http://www.randomhouse.com/audubon/ Text, photographs, and maps provided by Chanticleer Press, Inc., New York. Software development by Communications Wave, San Francisco. Screen and package design by Chic Simple Design, Inc., New York. First edition Manufactured in the United States of America. ISBN: 0-679-76016-4 Project editor: Susan Ralston Project consultant: Kenzi Sugihara Consulting naturalist: Richard B. Cech Consulting editor: Barbara K. Bristol Contributors: Wayne Petersen, Peter Joost Habitat soundscapes: Dennis Hysom Sound recordists: Arthur A. Allen, David G. Allen, Robert B. Angstadt, Walter Arnell, Grace M. Bell, William Belton, Richard O. Bierregaard, James D. Bland, Paul Bondenson, Ernest S. Booth, Warren Y. Brockleman, Gregory F. Budney, John Burton, Alvin Carpenter, Paul Coopmans, L. Irby Davis, Thomas H. Davis, Paul A. Dean, Sharon Dechesne, Dale Delaney, Robert W. Dickerman, Charles D. Duncan, William R. Evans, Rob Faucett, A. G. Field, William R. Fish, Douglas Fisher, John Gordon, John Greenlaw, Robert Grimshaw, Robert W. Grotke, James L. Gulledge, William W. H. Gunn, James M. Hartshorne, David S. Herr, Oliver H. Hewitt, Kim M. Howell, Virginia Huber, Geoffrey A. Keller, Peter Paul Kellogg, Stuart Keith, James W. Kimball, John King, Wesley E. Lanyon, Randolph Scott Little, Fred W. Loetscher, Harry G. Lumsden, Stuart D. MacDonald, Curtis A. Marantz, Brian J. McCaffery, Donald S. McChesney, Marian P. McChesney, Hugh McIsaac, Dolly Minis, Martin C. Michener, David C. Moyer, Gary Nuechterlein, S. Kim Nelson, Lorraine Newbigging, Myles E. W. North, Camillo Orso, Sture Palmer, Steven R. Pantle, Theodore A. Parker, III, Roger Payne, Leonard J. Peyton, John Piatt, H. Douglas Pratt, Andrea L. Priori, Clayton Reeves, George B. Reynard, Rob Righter, Mark B. Robbins, Robert W. Robinson, F. N. Robinson, David L. Ross, Andres M. Sada, Thomas G. Sander, Sydney Schoenwetter, Bernadette Schrempf, Paul A. Schwartz, Patrick Sellar, R. J. Shallenberger, Fletcher H. Sillick, Richard W. Simmers, Robert C. Stein, Jerry E. Stillwell, Charles A. Sutherland, Walter A. Thurber, David J. Tombs, Nigel Tucker, Arnoud B. van den Berg, Thomas Van Pelt, Robert Waide, William V. Ward, Doug Welch, Bret M. Whitney, David Wingate, Jeff C. Williams, Kevin Zimmer, Dale A. Zimmerman. Photographers: Front cover: Elegant Trogon by James H. Robinson Back cover: Eared Grebe by Chuck Gordon Life Zones: Arctic Life Zone by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Arctic Ocean by Rick Cech Wet Tundra by Rick Cech Dry Tundra by Rick Cech Arctic Scrub by Rick Cech Aleutians by Noble Proctor Atlantic/Gulf Coasts Life Zone by Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Atlantic Rocky Shores by Herbert Clarke Atlantic Sandy Shores and Dunes by Stephen Maka, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Atlantic Bays, Estuaries, and Salt Marshes by Bill Lea, Dembinsky Photo Associates Mangrove Shores by Valorie Hogsdon, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Gulf Shores by Tim Zurowski Atlantic Offshore Waters by Rick Cech Deserts Life Zone by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Great Basin Desert by Rod Planck, Dembinsky Photo Associates Mojave Desert by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Sonoran Desert by Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Chihuahuan Desert by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Desert Canyons and Rivercourses by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Disturbed Areas Life Zone by Barry Bublitz, Dembinsky Photo Associates Urban Open Areas by Stephen Graham, Dembinsky Photo Associates Suburbs by Herbert Clarke Dumps by Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Farmlands by Stephen Graham, Dembinsky Photo Associates Eastern/Boreal Forests Life Zone by Stephen Maka, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Boreal Forests by Rick Cech Transition Forests by Don Johnson, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Mixed Deciduous Forests by Thomas A. Schneider, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Pine Barrens by John Gerlach, Dembinsky Photo Associates Southern Pine-Oak Forests by Bill Lea, Dembinsky Photo Associates Florida Pine-Palmetto Scrub by Don Johnson, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Florida Subtropical Forests by Rick Cech Grasslands Life Zone by Darrell Gulin, Dembinsky Photo Associates Eastern/Central Prairies by Ted Nelson, Dembinsky Photo Associates Western Prairies by Mark Barlow, Dembinsky Photo Associates Desert Grasslands by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Great Basin Grasslands by Herbert Clarke California Grasslands by Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Eastern Grasslands by Rick Cech Texas Dry Scrub by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Pacific Coast Life Zone by Marilyn Kazmers, Dembinsky Photo Associates Pacific Rocky Shores by Rick Cech Pacific Sandy Shores and Dunes by Dusty Perin, Dembinsky Photo Associates Pacific Bays, Estuaries, and Salt Marshes by Herbert Clarke Pacific Offshore Waters by Rick Cech Western Forests Life Zone by Stephen Maka, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Texas Central Plateau by Adam Jones, Dembinsky Photo Associates Northwestern Coastal Forests by Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Sierran Montane Forests by Rob Curtis, The Early Birder Rocky Mountain Montane Forests by Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Subalpine Forests by Tim Zurowski Western Woodlands by Rick Cech Wetlands Life Zone by Stephen Maka, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Lower Rio Grande Valley by Rob Curtis, The Early Birder Bogs by Rick Cech Marshes by Rick Cech Northern Swamps/Floodplain Forests by Rick Cech Southern Swamps by Dale and Marian Zimmerman Northern Lakes and Ponds by Rick Cech Southern Lakes and Ponds by Rick Cech Northern Rivers and Streams by Rick Cech Southern Rivers and Streams by Bill Lea, Dembinsky Photo Associates Browser images: Red-throated Loon 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Betty Randall 3. Rick Cech 4. Chuck Gordon Arctic Loon 1. Grimes, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Pacific Loon 1. Kevin T. Karlson 2. Kevin T. Karlson 3. Herbert Clarke, VIREO 4. Rick Cech Common Loon 1. Wayne Lankinen 2. Isidor Jeklin 3. Bates Littlehales 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Yellow-billed Loon 1. Ken Wilson, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Least Grebe 1. Larry R. Ditto 2. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 3. James H. Robinson 4. Steve Bentsen Pied-billed Grebe 1. Gregory K. Scott 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Gay Bumgarner, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Horned Grebe 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Red-necked Grebe 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Rick Cech 4. Chuck Gordon Eared Grebe 1. Chuck Gordon 2. C. Allan Morgan 3. Chuck Gordon 4. Chuck Gordon Western Grebe 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Chuck Gordon 3. Tom J. Ulrich 4. Chuck Gordon Clark's Grebe 1. Charles W. Melton 2. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images Black-footed Albatross 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Rick Cech 4. C. Allan Morgan Laysan Albatross 1. Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. 2. Tim Zurowski Yellow-nosed Albatross 1. C. Allan Morgan Northern Fulmar 1. Rick Cech 2. Jeff Foott 3. Fred Bruemmer 4. Kevin Schafer Black-capped Petrel 1. Jim Danzenbaker 2. S. LaFrance, VIREO Mottled Petrel 1. R. L. Pitman, VIREO Cory's Shearwater 1. R. L. Pitman, VIREO Pink-footed Shearwater 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Flesh-footed Shearwater 1. Mike Danzenbaker Greater Shearwater 1. Robert P. Abrams 2. Rick Cech 3. Rick Cech Buller's Shearwater 1. Mike Danzenbaker Sooty Shearwater 1. Sharon Cummings 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Rick Cech Short-tailed Shearwater 1. Tim Zurowski Manx Shearwater 1. Mike Danzenbaker Black-vented Shearwater 1. Mike Danzenbaker Audubon's Shearwater 1. R. L. Pitman, VIREO Wilson's Storm-Petrel 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Robert P. Abrams White-faced Storm-Petrel 1. Rick Cech Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel 1. R. L. Pitman, VIREO Leach's Storm-Petrel 1. R. and M. Hansen, VIREO 2. Robert P. Abrams Ashy Storm-Petrel 1. Mike Danzenbaker 2. Rick Cech Band-rumped Storm-Petrel 1. R. L. Pitman, VIREO Black Storm-Petrel 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Frank S. Todd Least Storm-Petrel 1. J. Hoffman, VIREO White-tailed Tropicbird 1. Brian E. Small 2. Jeff Foott Red-billed Tropicbird 1. Ron Austing 2. Jeff Foott 3. C. Allan Morgan 4. C. Allan Morgan Red-tailed Tropicbird 1. Brian E. Small Masked Booby 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Jeff Foott Blue-footed Booby 1. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 2. C. Allan Morgan 3. Stan Osolinski, Dembinsky Photo Associates 4. Jeff Foott Brown Booby 1. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 3. Bates Littlehales 4. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Red-footed Booby 1. Stan Osolinski, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Stan Osolinski 3. C. Allan Morgan 4. Stan Osolinski Northern Gannet 1. Kathy Lindstrom 2. Harold Lindstrom 3. Robert P. Abrams 4. Jean Buermeyer, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. American White Pelican 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Tom J. Ulrich 3. Robert D. Campbell 4. Tom J. Ulrich Brown Pelican 1. Ron Sanford 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Chuck Gordon Great Cormorant 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Double-crested Cormorant 1. John Gerlach, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. John Gerlach, Dembinsky Photo Associates 3. Stan Osolinski, Dembinsky Photo Associates 4. Mike Danzenbaker Neotropic Cormorant 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman Brandt's Cormorant 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Rick Cech Pelagic Cormorant 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Jeff Foott Red-faced Cormorant 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Tom J. Ulrich Anhinga 1. G. C. Kelley 2. C. Allan Morgan 3. Jeff Foott 4. Sharon Cummings Magnificent Frigatebird 1. Jeff Foott 2. C. Allan Morgan 3. C. Allan Morgan 4. Carl Hanninen, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. American Bittern 1. Jon Farrar 2. Robert D. Campbell 3. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 4. Isidor Jeklin Least Bittern 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Ron Austing 3. Barry W. Mansell Great Blue Heron 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock 3. Tom Cawley 4. Jeff Foott Great Egret 1. Carl R. Sams II, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Snowy Egret 1. Cortez C. Austin, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Barry W. Mansell Little Blue Heron 1. Bates Littlehales 2. James F. Parnell 3. James H. Robinson Tricolored Heron 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Steffen Mittelhaeuser 3. Jeff Foott Reddish Egret 1. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock 2. Richard Day 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Tom J. Ulrich Cattle Egret 1. Wayne Lankinen 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 3. Barry W. Mansell 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Green Heron 1. Sharon Cummings 2. Harold Lindstrom 3. Barry W. Mansell 4. Tim Zurowski Black-crowned Night-Heron 1. Jon Farrar 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Jeff Foott Yellow-crowned Night-Heron 1. Barbara Reed, John Williams 2. Sam Fried, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 3. Barbara Reed, John Williams 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art White Ibis 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Sharon Cummings 3. Larry R. Ditto 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Glossy Ibis 1. John Heidecker, Nature Photos 2. Harold Lindstrom 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art White-faced Ibis 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 3. C. Allan Morgan Roseate Spoonbill 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. James F. Parnell 3. Sharon Cummings 4. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. Jabiru 1. C. Allan Morgan Wood Stork 1. Jeff Foott 2. John Cancalosi 3. Mark F. Wallner 4. Sharon Cummings Greater Flamingo 1. James H. Robinson 2. Jeff Foott Fulvous Whistling-Duck 1. G. C. Kelley Black-bellied Whistling-Duck 1. Larry R. Ditto Tundra Swan 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Dorothy S. Long, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 3. Ron Sanford Whooper Swan 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Larry West Trumpeter Swan 1. G. C. Kelley 2. Jeff Foott 3. Jeff Foott Mute Swan 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Rod Planck 3. Johann Schumacher, Johann Schumacher Design 4. John Heidecker, Nature Photos Greater White-fronted Goose 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock Snow Goose 1. G. C. Kelley 2. Wayne Lankinen 3. Brian Wheeler 4. Tim Zurowski Ross's Goose 1. Cortez C. Austin, Jr., PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Emperor Goose 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Frank S. Todd Brant 1. Mike Danzenbaker 2. John Heidecker, Nature Photos 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Barnacle Goose 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Frank S. Todd Canada Goose 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Steffen Mittelhaeuser 3. Jim Roetzel, Dembinsky Photo Associates 4. George Stewart, Dembinsky Photo Associates Wood Duck 1. Ron Austing 2. John Heidecker, Nature Photos 3. Gregory K. Scott 4. Dominique Braud, Dembinsky Photo Associates Green-winged Teal 1. G. C. Kelley 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Mark F. Wallner Falcated Teal 1. Alan Nelson, Dembinsky Photo Associates American Black Duck 1. Larry R. Ditto 2. Mark F. Wallner Mottled Duck 1. Priscilla Connell, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Mallard 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Mike Danzenbaker 4. Ron Sanford Spot-billed Duck 1. Frank S. Todd Northern Pintail 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Charles W. Melton 3. Larry R. Ditto 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Blue-winged Teal 1. Jeff Foott 2. Charles W. Melton 3. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock Cinnamon Teal 1. Jim Flynn, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. Northern Shoveler 1. Charles W. Melton 2. Chuck Gordon 3. Tom J. Ulrich 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Gadwall 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. John Heidecker, Nature Photos 4. Mark F. Wallner Eurasian Wigeon 1. John Heidecker, Nature Photos 2. Roger Wilmshurst, Dembinsky Photo Associates American Wigeon 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Jack Dermid Canvasback 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Tim Zurowski 4. Rod Planck, Dembinsky Photo Associates Redhead 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Tom J. Ulrich 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Ring-necked Duck 1. Kathy Lindstrom 2. Charles W. Melton 3. John Heidecker, Nature Photos Tufted Duck 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Mike Danzenbaker Greater Scaup 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Mike Danzenbaker 3. Johann Schumacher, Johann Schumacher Design Lesser Scaup 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Common Eider 1. Jeff Foott 2. Jeff Foott 3. Robert P. Abrams 4. Tom J. Ulrich King Eider 1. Betty Randall 2. Kevin T. Karlson 3. Betty Randall 4. Fred Bruemmer Spectacled Eider 1. Kevin T. Karlson 2. Kevin T. Karlson Steller's Eider 1. Jim Flynn, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Mike Danzenbaker Harlequin Duck 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 3. Tim Zurowski Oldsquaw 1. Jim Flynn, ROOT RESOURCES 2. D. Roby, VIREO 3. Fred Bruemmer 4. Mark F. Wallner Black Scoter 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock Surf Scoter 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Charles W. Melton White-winged Scoter 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Common Goldeneye 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Jeff Foott 3. Tom J. Ulrich 4. Tim Zurowski Barrow's Goldeneye 1. Jeff Foott 2. Ron Austing 3. Jeff Foott 4. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock Bufflehead 1. Ron Austing 2. Ron Austing Smew 1. Anthony Mercieca 2. Sam Fried, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Hooded Merganser 1. Jim Flynn, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Jeff Foott 3. Mark F. Wallner Common Merganser 1. Rod Planck 2. Rod Planck 3. John Heidecker, Nature Photos 4. Mark F. Wallner Red-breasted Merganser 1. Mark F. Wallner 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock 4. Jeff Foott Ruddy Duck 1. G. C. Kelley 2. Chuck Gordon 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Masked Duck 1. Paul Sykes, VIREO Black Vulture 1. Mitchell D. Smith 2. Brian Wheeler 3. James F. Parnell 4. Tom J. Ulrich Turkey Vulture 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Gay Bumgarner California Condor 1. Frank S. Todd 2. Ron Austing Osprey 1. Joe McDonald 2. Mitchell D. Smith 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Tom J. Ulrich Hook-billed Kite 1. Brian Wheeler 2. Brian Wheeler American Swallow-tailed Kite 1. Brian Wheeler White-tailed Kite 1. Steve Bentsen Snail Kite 1. Brian Wheeler 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Bates Littlehales Mississippi Kite 1. Brian Wheeler 2. Brian Wheeler, VIREO 3. Brian Wheeler Bald Eagle 1. Ron Sanford 2. Ron Sanford 3. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 4. Jeff Foott White-tailed Eagle 1. William S. Clark, VIREO Steller's Sea-Eagle 1. William S. Clark Northern Harrier 1. Ron Austing 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Ron Austing 4. Brian Wheeler Sharp-shinned Hawk 1. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Cooper's Hawk 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Brian Wheeler Northern Goshawk 1. Ron Austing 2. Ron Austing 3. Brian Wheeler 4. Tim Zurowski Common Black-Hawk 1. Brian Wheeler 2. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 3. Tim Zurowski Harris's Hawk 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Sharon Cummings 3. Ervio Sian Gray Hawk 1. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Brian Wheeler 4. Brian Wheeler Red-shouldered Hawk 1. Larry West 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. Broad-winged Hawk 1. Jon Farrar 2. Ron Austing 3. Clay Sutton 4. Ron Austing Short-tailed Hawk 1. Brian Wheeler, VIREO 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Mitchell D. Smith Swainson's Hawk 1. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Brian Wheeler 4. Dominique Braud, Dembinsky Photo Associates White-tailed Hawk 1. John Hendrickson 2. Brian Wheeler Zone-tailed Hawk 1. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 2. Brian Wheeler Red-tailed Hawk 1. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 2. Jeff Foott 3. Brian Wheeler 4. Jeff Foott Ferruginous Hawk 1. John Hendrickson 2. Ron Austing 3. Greg Winston 4. Ned Harris Rough-legged Hawk 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Ron Austing 4. Brian Wheeler, VIREO Golden Eagle 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 2. Jeff Foott 3. Brian Wheeler Crested Caracara 1. Tom J. Ulrich American Kestrel 1. Paul Zimmerman 2. Steve Bentsen 3. Brian Wheeler Merlin 1. Mitchell D. Smith 2. Tom J. Ulrich 3. William S. Clark 4. Brian Wheeler Aplomado Falcon 1. William S. Clark 2. Brian Wheeler Peregrine Falcon 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Frank S. Todd 3. Johann Schumacher, Johann Schumacher Design 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Gyrfalcon 1. Fritz Polking, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Joe McDonald 3. Tom J. Ulrich Prairie Falcon 1. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Brian Wheeler 4. Jeff Foott Plain Chachalaca 1. Jack Dermid 2. Jeff Foott 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Gray Partridge 1. Alan Nelson, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 3. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. Chukar 1. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. Ring-necked Pheasant 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Jeff Foott 3. Rick Cech 4. Sharon Cummings, Dembinsky Photo Associates Spruce Grouse 1. Eliot Cohen 2. Tim Zurowski Blue Grouse 1. Jim Roetzel, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Bates Littlehales 3. Nick Bergkessel 4. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Willow Ptarmigan 1. Gregory J. Winston 2. Fred Bruemmer 3. Rick Cech 4. Sharon Cummings Rock Ptarmigan 1. James F. Parnell 2. Wayne Lankinen 3. Brian Wheeler White-tailed Ptarmigan 1. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 2. Rick Cech 3. Tom J. Ulrich 4. Bates Littlehales Ruffed Grouse 1. Jeff Foott 2. Rod Planck 3. Sharon Cummings Sage Grouse 1. Jeff Foott 2. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 3. Jeff Foott 4. Jeff Foott Greater Prairie-Chicken 1. Richard Day 2. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 3. Richard Day 4. Wayne Lankinen Lesser Prairie-Chicken 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. G. C. Kelley 3. Tom J. Ulrich Sharp-tailed Grouse 1. Sharon Cummings 2. Tom J. Ulrich Wild Turkey 1. Steve Bentsen 2. Barry W. Mansell 3. Carl R. Sams II, Dembinsky Photo Associates 4. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images Montezuma Quail 1. C. Allan Morgan 2. Brian E. Small 3. Brian E. Small 4. John Cancalosi Northern Bobwhite 1. Tom J. Ulrich 2. Tom J. Ulrich 3. Larry R. Ditto Scaled Quail 1. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock Gambel's Quail 1. G. C. Kelley 2. G. C. Kelley 3. G. C. Kelley California Quail 1. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 2. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 3. Larry R. Ditto Mountain Quail 1. Mike Danzenbaker 2. Tim Zurowski Yellow Rail 1. Jack Dermid Black Rail 1. Mike Danzenbaker Clapper Rail 1. Robert P. Abrams 2. Anthony Mercieca, ROOT RESOURCES 3. Tom Vezo 4. Jeff Foott King Rail 1. Bates Littlehales Virginia Rail 1. Sharon Cummings Sora 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Isidor Jeklin 3. Robert P. Abrams 4. Mike Danzenbaker Purple Gallinule 1. Ben Goldstein, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Eliot Cohen Common Moorhen 1. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock 2. Larry West 3. Roger Wilmshurst, Dembinsky Photo Associates 4. Sharon Cummings American Coot 1. Sharon Cummings, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Steve Bentsen 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Carroll W. Perkins Limpkin 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Stan Osolinski, Dembinsky Photo Associates Sandhill Crane 1. Larry West 2. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 3. Larry R. Ditto 4. Barry W. Mansell Whooping Crane 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Sharon Cummings 3. Sharon Cummings 4. Jeff Foott Northern Lapwing 1. Mike Danzenbaker Black-bellied Plover 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Tom J. Ulrich 4. Mike Danzenbaker Pacific Golden-Plover 1. Brian E. Small 2. Joe Fuhrman American Golden-Plover 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 2. Wayne Lankinen 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder Mongolian Plover 1. Tim Zurowski Snowy Plover 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Robert A. Behrstock, Naturewide Images 3. Mike Danzenbaker Wilson's Plover 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. James F. Parnell Common Ringed Plover 1. Mike Danzenbaker 2. Tom J. Ulrich Semipalmated Plover 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Stephen Maka, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 3. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Piping Plover 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Mike Danzenbaker 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Killdeer 1. Rod Planck, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Jeff Foott Mountain Plover 1. John Cancalosi 2. John Cancalosi Eurasian Dotterel 1. Mike Danzenbaker 2. Rick Cech American Oystercatcher 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Harold Lindstrom 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Black Oystercatcher 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Ervio Sian 4. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. Black-necked Stilt 1. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 2. John Hendrickson 3. Mike Danzenbaker 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art American Avocet 1. John Gerlach, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Charles W. Melton 3. Rod Planck, Dembinsky Photo Associates 4. Tom J. Ulrich Northern Jacana 1. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 3. Brian Wheeler Common Greenshank 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman Greater Yellowlegs 1. Johann Schumacher, Johann Schumacher Design 2. Mike Danzenbaker 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Lesser Yellowlegs 1. Cortez Austin, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 2. Mike Danzenbaker Spotted Redshank 1. Mike Danzenbaker 2. Mike Danzenbaker Wood Sandpiper 1. Mike Danzenbaker Solitary Sandpiper 1. Mark F. Wallner Willet 1. David Stone, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Harold Lindstrom Wandering Tattler 1. Clarence Postmus, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Tim Zurowski Gray-tailed Tattler 1. Sam Fried, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Common Sandpiper 1. Mike Danzenbaker Spotted Sandpiper 1. Mark F. Wallner 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 3. Isidor Jeklin 4. Tom J. Ulrich Terek Sandpiper 1. Tim Zurowski Upland Sandpiper 1. Mark F. Wallner 2. Steve Bentsen Whimbrel 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Gary Meszaros, Dembinsky Photo Associates 3. Robert C. Simpson, Simpson & Co. Nature Stock Bristle-thighed Curlew 1. H. C. Kyllingstad, VIREO Long-billed Curlew 1. G. C. Kelley 2. Wayne Lankinen 3. Priscilla Connell 4. G. C. Kelley Black-tailed Godwit 1. J. H. Dick, VIREO Hudsonian Godwit 1. Rick Cech 2. James F. Parnell 3. James F. Parnell 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Bar-tailed Godwit 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. J. Hough, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 3. Tom J. Ulrich 4. Tim Zurowski Marbled Godwit 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Chuck Gordon 3. Chuck Gordon 4. Tim Zurowski Ruddy Turnstone 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 3. Sam Fried, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Black Turnstone 1. Jeff Foott 2. G. C. Kelley 3. Tim Zurowski 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Surfbird 1. Brian E. Small 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Sam Fried, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Red Knot 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Sanderling 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Frank S. Todd 4. Mike Danzenbaker Semipalmated Sandpiper 1. Wayne Lankinen 2. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 3. Fred Bruemmer Western Sandpiper 1. Hugh P. Smith, Jr. 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Kevin T. Karlson 4. Harold Lindstrom Rufous-necked Stint 1. B. Chudleish, VIREO Least Sandpiper 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art White-rumped Sandpiper 1. Fred Bruemmer Baird's Sandpiper 1. Gary Meszaros, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Kevin T. Karlson 3. Larry West 4. Mike Danzenbaker Pectoral Sandpiper 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Sandra Nykerk, Dembinsky Photo Associates Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 1. Tim Zurowski Purple Sandpiper 1. Helen Cruickshank, VIREO 2. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Robert P. Abrams Rock Sandpiper 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Tim Zurowski 3. Tim Zurowski Dunlin 1. Clarence Postmus, ROOT RESOURCES 2. Jack Dermid 3. Rod Planck 4. Priscilla Connell, PHOTO/NATS, Inc. Curlew Sandpiper 1. R. J. Chandler, VIREO Stilt Sandpiper 1. Barbara Gerlach, Dembinsky Photo Associates 2. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Kevin T. Karlson Buff-breasted Sandpiper 1. Kevin T. Karlson 2. Tim Zurowski Ruff 1. Mike Danzenbaker Short-billed Dowitcher 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Charles W. Melton Long-billed Dowitcher 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Mike Danzenbaker 3. Mike Danzenbaker Common Snipe 1. Mark F. Wallner 2. Isidor Jeklin 3. Johann Schumacher, Johann Schumacher Design 4. Peter Roberts, Wildlife Photography American Woodcock 1. Ron Austing 2. Isidor Jeklin 3. Tom J. Ulrich Wilson's Phalarope 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Charles G. Summers, Jr., Wild Images 3. Mike Danzenbaker 4. Harold Lindstrom Red-necked Phalarope 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Brian E. Small 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Red Phalarope 1. Harold Lindstrom 2. Harold Lindstrom 3. Joe Fuhrman Pomarine Jaeger 1. Rick Cech 2. Joseph R. Jehl, Jr. 3. Mike Danzenbaker Parasitic Jaeger 1. Fred Bruemmer 2. Rick Cech 3. Kevin T. Karlson 4. Tim Zurowski Long-tailed Jaeger 1. Kevin T. Karlson 2. Rick Cech Great Skua 1. Fred Bruemmer 2. Rick Cech South Polar Skua 1. Arnold Small 2. Frank S. Todd 3. C. Allan Morgan Laughing Gull 1. Rod Planck 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Franklin's Gull 1. Chuck Gordon 2. Tom J. Ulrich 3. Rick Cech 4. Rick Cech Little Gull 1. Isidor Jeklin, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 2. Tim Zurowski 3. T. H. Davis, VIREO Common Black-headed Gull 1. Dale and Marian Zimmerman 2. Robert P. Abrams Bonaparte's Gull 1. Tim Zurowski 2. Rob Curtis, The Early Birder 3. James F. Parnell 4. Rick Cech Heermann's Gull 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Rick Cech 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Mew Gull 1. Rick Cech 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Fred Bruemmer 4. Mike Danzenbaker Ring-billed Gull 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Wayne Lankinen 4. Rod Planck California Gull 1. Bates Littlehales 2. Greg R. Homel, Natural Elements, Inc. 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Tim Zurowski Herring Gull 1. Fred Bruemmer 2. Brian Wheeler 3. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 4. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Thayer's Gull 1. Fred Bruemmer 2. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 3. Tim Zurowski Iceland Gull 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art 2. Rod Planck 3. Tom Vezo Lesser Black-backed Gull 1. Arthur and Elaine Morris, Birds as Art Slaty-backed Gull 1. Ervio Sian Yellow-footed Gull 1. John Hendrickson 2. C. Allan Morgan 3. C. Allan Morgan 4. M. Kazmers Sharksong, Dembinsky Photo Associates